Overview Of Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant cell arteritis is inflammation and damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck, upper body, and arms. It is also called temporal arteritis.
Commonly Associated With
Arteritis – temporal; Cranial arteritis
Causes Of Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant cell arteritis affects medium-to-large arteries. It causes inflammation, swelling, tenderness, and damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck, upper body, and arms. It most commonly occurs in the arteries around the temples (temporal arteries). These arteries branch off from the carotid artery in the neck. In some cases, the condition can occur in medium-to-large arteries in other places in the body as well.
The cause of the condition is unknown. It is believed to be due in part to a faulty immune response. The disorder has been linked to some infections and to certain genes.
Giant cell arteritis is more common in people with another inflammatory disorder known as polymyalgia rheumatica. Giant cell arteritis almost always occurs in people over age 50. It is most common in people of northern European descent. The condition may run in families.
Symptoms Of Giant Cell Arteritis
Some common symptoms of this problem are:
- New throbbing headache on one side of the head or the back of the head
- Tenderness when touching the scalp
Other symptoms of giant cell arteritis may include:
- Jaw pain that occurs when chewing
- Pain in the arm after using it
- Muscle aches
- Pain and stiffness in the neck, upper arms, shoulder, and hips (polymyalgia rheumatica)
- Weakness, excessive tiredness
- Fever
- General ill feeling
Problems with eyesight may occur, and at times may begin suddenly. These problems include:
- Blurred vision
- Double vision
- Sudden reduced vision (blindness in one or both eyes)
Exams & Tests
The health care provider will examine your head.
The scalp is often sensitive to touch.
There may be a tender, thick artery on one side of the head, most often over one or both temples.
Blood tests may for giant cell arteritis include:
- Hemoglobin or hematocrit
- Liver function tests
- Sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein
- Blood tests alone cannot provide a diagnosis. You will need to have a biopsy of the temporal artery. This is a surgical procedure that can be done as an outpatient.
You may also have other tests, including:
- Color Doppler ultrasound of the temporal arteries. This may take the place of a temporal artery biopsy if done by someone experienced with the procedure.
- MRI.
- PET scan.
Treatment Of Giant Cell Arteritis
- Getting prompt treatment can help prevent severe problems such as blindness.
- When giant cell arteritis is suspected, you will receive corticosteroids, such as prednisone, by mouth. These medicines are often started even before a biopsy is done. You may also be told to take aspirin.
- Most people begin to feel better within a few days after starting treatment. The dose of corticosteroids will be cut back very slowly. However, you will need to take medicine for 1 to 2 years.
- If the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis is made, in most people a biologic medicine called tocilizumab will be added. This medicine reduces the amount of corticosteroids needed to control the disease.
- Long-term treatment with corticosteroids can make bones thinner and increase your chance of a fracture. You will need to take the following steps to protect your bone strength.
- Avoid smoking and excess alcohol intake.
- Take extra calcium and vitamin D (based on your provider’s advice).
- Start walking or other forms of weight-bearing exercises.
- Have your bones checked with a bone mineral density (BMD) test or DEXA scan.
- Take a bisphosphonate medicine, such as alendronate (Fosamax), as prescribed by your provider.
