Overview
Breast cancer is a malignant tumour that originates from the cells of the breast tissue, most commonly in the ducts (ductal carcinoma) or lobules (lobular carcinoma). It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide and can spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant organs if not treated early. Early detection through regular screening and prompt treatment significantly improves survival rates and outcomes.
Commonly Associated
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – a non-invasive early form
- Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) – the most common type
- Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) – begins in the lobules
- Triple-negative breast cancer – lacks hormone receptors and HER2
- HER2-positive breast cancer – overexpresses the HER2 protein
- Inflammatory breast cancer – a rare but aggressive form
Causes Of – Breast Cancer (Female)
Breast cancer develops due to genetic mutations and uncontrolled cell growth. Risk factors include:
- Genetic mutations – BRCA1, BRCA2, and other inherited mutations
- Family history of breast or ovarian cancer
- Hormonal factors – early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone therapy
- Age – risk increases with age, especially after 50
- Lifestyle factors – obesity, alcohol use, lack of exercise
- Radiation exposure to the chest at a young age
Symptoms Of – Breast Cancer (Female)
Symptoms can vary but often include:
- A new lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
- Change in breast shape or size
- Nipple discharge, especially if bloody
- Skin changes – dimpling, redness, or scaling
- Inverted nipple or changes in nipple appearance
- Pain or tenderness in the breast (less common)
Exams & Tests – Breast Cancer (Female)
Diagnosis is made through a combination of imaging and tissue testing:
- Mammogram – standard screening tool for early detection
- Ultrasound – helps evaluate abnormalities seen on mammogram
- MRI – for detailed imaging in high-risk patients
- Biopsy – confirms diagnosis and determines cancer type
- Hormone receptor and HER2 testing – guides treatment options
Treatment Of – Breast Cancer (Female)
Treatment depends on cancer stage, type, and patient factors:
- Surgery – lumpectomy (removing tumour) or mastectomy (removing breast)
- Radiation therapy – to eliminate residual cancer cells
- Chemotherapy – to target rapidly dividing cells
- Hormone therapy – for hormone receptor-positive cancers
- Targeted therapy – for HER2-positive cancers
- Immunotherapy – for certain advanced or triple-negative cancers
- Reconstruction surgery – optional after mastectomy for breast restoration
Source – Breast Cancer (Female)
- American Cancer Society – Breast Cancer
- National Cancer Institute – Breast Cancer Treatment
- NHS UK – Breast Cancer in Women
