Brain Tumours

Overview

Brain tumours are abnormal growths of cells within the brain or its surrounding structures. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may originate in the brain (primary brain tumours) or spread from other parts of the body (secondary or metastatic brain tumours). Because the skull limits space for expansion, even benign tumours can be life-threatening if they grow large enough to increase intracranial pressure or disrupt vital brain functions. 

 Brain tumours can occur at any age, but certain types are more common in children, while others are more prevalent in adults. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment and improving outcomes. 

Commonly Associated

Other names and related terms for brain tumours include: 

• Intracranial neoplasm 

• Primary brain tumour 

• Secondary brain tumour (metastatic) 

• Glioma (includes astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, glioblastoma) 

• Meningioma 

• Medulloblastoma 

• Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) 

• Pituitary adenoma 

Causes  

The exact cause of most brain tumours is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified: 

• Genetic mutations – Abnormal changes in DNA can trigger uncontrolled cell growth. 

• Family history – Rare inherited syndromes like Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, or tuberous sclerosis increase risk. 

• Radiation exposure – Previous radiation therapy to the head can increase tumour risk. 

• Immune system suppression – People with weakened immunity have a higher risk of certain tumours like primary CNS lymphoma. 

• Environmental factors – Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins may play a role, though evidence is limited. 

• Metastasis from other cancers – Tumours can spread to the brain from lungs, breast, skin (melanoma), or kidneys. 

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the tumour’s size, type, and location in the brain. Common signs include: 

• Persistent or severe headaches, often worse in the morning or with activity 

• Nausea and vomiting not linked to other causes 

• Seizures (new onset in adults or children) 

• Vision, hearing, or speech changes 

• Weakness or numbness in limbs or one side of the body 

• Difficulty with balance, coordination, or walking 

• Cognitive or personality changes 

• Confusion, memory loss, or trouble concentrating 

• Endocrine disturbances if the tumour affects the pituitary gland 

Exams & Tests

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of neurological evaluation and imaging studies: 

• Neurological examination – Tests reflexes, vision, hearing, coordination, and cognitive function. 

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – Most accurate imaging tool for identifying brain tumours. 

• CT scan – Helps detect tumours and associated swelling or bleeding. 

• Biopsy – A sample of tumour tissue is analyzed to determine type and grade. 

• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) – May be used to detect tumour cells or markers in cerebrospinal fluid. 

• Advanced imaging (fMRI, PET) – Provides detailed information about tumour activity and involvement. 

Treatment

Treatment depends on the tumour’s type, size, location, and grade, as well as the patient’s overall health: 

• Surgery – Primary treatment for many brain tumours to remove as much of the mass as possible. 

• Radiation therapy – Uses targeted radiation to kill remaining cancer cells or shrink inoperable tumours. 

• Chemotherapy – Administered orally or intravenously to destroy cancerous cells. 

• Targeted therapy – Focuses on specific molecular changes driving tumour growth. 

• Immunotherapy – Boosts the body’s immune system to attack cancer cells. 

• Supportive care – Includes steroids to reduce swelling, anticonvulsants for seizures, and rehabilitation therapy. 

Treatment plans often involve a combination of approaches and ongoing monitoring through regular imaging. 

Source

• American Cancer Society – Brain and Spinal Cord Tumours 

• National Cancer Institute – Brain Tumour Overview 

• NHS – Brain Tumour Guide